Evaluation on the Validity of the Claim That American Public Education Essay

Assessment on the Validity of the Claim That American Public Education Has Been Consistently Lowering Its Standards and Expectations - Essay Example As indicated by the overview directed by ‘The National Assessment of Educational Progress’ (NAEP), the outcome known as â€Å"Nation’s Report Card,† delineated the positive results of the understudies having a place with fourth, eighth and twelfth grade standard on a universal premise. While, as opposed to the reports that introduced by NAEP, it tends to be seen that the scores of the US were a lot of lower standard in the overall setting (Gropman, â€Å"Waning Education Standards Threaten U.S. Competitiveness†; Alexander and Leticia 325-327). It has been additionally contended that the part of ‘Downward Mobility’ is frequenting the instruction arrangement of America. The understudies in the US are keeping away from in going to schools and universities with a dread that their youngsters having more prominent training foundation will be significantly more taught when contrasted with them. Further subtleties on the contention for the stand for example ‘American Public Education’ is getting reliably settled for what is most convenient option alongside desires have been refered to with certain esteemed perceptions. For example, Andreas Schleicher, who is viewed as an extraordinary guide identified with instruction at ‘Organisation for Economic Co-activity and Development’ (OECD) announces that It's something of incredible essentialness since a lot of the present financial intensity of the United States lays on an exceptionally serious extent of grown-up aptitudes - and that is currently in danger, (Coughlan â€Å"Downward versatility frequents US education†). This mirrors an away from about the overall instruction arrangement of America. On the side of the contention, the review report of OECD uncovered that the youthful grown-ups are in effect more taught than their folks dependent on the proportion of 1:5. As per the perspectives of Miles... This paper focuses on that it will be a false notion to pass judgment on the disappointment of American Public training framework because of the diligence of different unique perspectives about the concerned topic. It is the consequence of the arrangement of exercises and the political obstructions that in the end denied the state funded instruction arrangement of America from being thrived. In the examination, it has been contended that racial separation, denying the white collar class families, imbalance and ascend in the instruction consumptions are not many of the reasons that contributed in predictable disappointment of American government funded training framework as far as bringing down its guidelines alongside desires. The creator of the paper talks his own oppinion on the issue of American government funded instruction which based framework have not declined as of late. There are a few administrative approaches demanded upon the instruction area, demonstrating the adequacy o f the American government funded training framework. The educators assume a successful job in deciding the advancement of training arrangement of any country. This report makes an end that on as opposed to the disappointment of the American state funded instruction framework, the legislature is taking activities to actualize changed guidelines and approaches for improving the equivalent. Besides, it has been seen from the investigation that state funded training arrangement of the US incredibly influences five imperative security fronts that include financial development alongside intensity, physical wellbeing of the country, US worldwide mindfulness and US solidarity alongside attachment. Consequently, it is important for the US government to define strategies on prompt premise to build up the current state funded training arrangement of America.

Life Before and After the Fall of Communism in the Czech Republic

Do 1 Life Before and After the Fall of Communism in the Czech Republic Recently the senate and district races in the Czech Republic affirmed that the inclination of Czech voters is moving to one side, what's more the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia got the second most noteworthy number of votes. The outcomes are upsetting, in light of the fact that the last time Communists won the surveys, the Czechs wound up being mistreated for more than 40 years until they figured out how to oust the legislature. Presently it appears that similar individuals have experienced an aggregate memory loss.Have they overlooked how life was before 1989 and what wrongdoings the socialists submitted during their rule? Deciding in favor of the socialists is a misstep, which ought to never be made, in light of the fact that it is extensively better not to have them meddle in our lives. Perhaps the greatest distinction among once in a while is the climate of the time. In those days individuals depicted the climate as â€Å"shades of grey†. They were not urged to appear as something else, on opposite independence was persecuted and disliked. Thus the vast majority of the individuals were hesitant to do or say whatever would make them stand apart of the crowd.This came about likewise in a climate of dread. These days independence is upheld in practically any territory conceivable. Since early on individuals are pushed to be innovative and this imagination recognizes us from others. We have the right to speak freely of discourse, which implies that we can whine about anything even our present government, while in those days in the event that you said anything negative regarding the socialists they would place you in jail. The idea of opportunity was additionally altogether different. There was certifiably not a genuine popular government with the socialists in power. The socialist system in Czechoslovakia was described by the nonappearance of free elections.Many fundamental hu man rights were restricted, for example, opportunity in political or strict convictions, the right to speak freely of discourse, the option to gather or the privilege to training. This influenced the Do 2 existences of individuals hugely and a large number of them were unsatisfied and furious, anyway most of the general public was reluctant to do anything. The explanation was that the socialists disposed of awkward individuals. They terminated individuals, they ensured their youngsters couldn't jump on the ideal colleges; they coerced, tormented and murdered individuals through organized trials.For most of society it was less difficult to go about as though they approved of the system. These days human rights are made sure about through incalculable presentations, laws and arrangements. Universal associations manage recognition and nations that penetrate these agreements need to confront assents and they need to reply to the International Court of Justice. There are likewise signifi cant contrasts in the regular daily existence of typical individuals in those days and now. During the rule of Communists it was taboo to go out of Czechoslovakia.Only those, who had unique consent, could travel abroad and still, at the end of the day, the greater part of these individuals were checked by the mystery administration. Socialism is carefully against private enterprise thus the Communists attempted to persuade the open that the free enterprise nations were awful and that financially and socially revolutionary nations were in an ideal situation than the majority of the western industrialist world. Therefore they couldn't let individuals travel abroad, in light of the fact that it would be clean right up that they were intentionally beguiling them. Individuals experienced serious difficulties when they went to shop.There were no items from industrialist nations and wherever the choice was extremely poor. Things as garments, present day innovation or even meat were rare it ems. This may sound practically mind boggling to an individual, who didn't encounter this period or who was brought into the world after the fall of socialism. We live in a worldwide present reality. Individuals travel to the farthest corners of the world. It takes a couple of snaps to arrange anything from anyplace on the planet through the Internet. Individuals are encircled by shopping centers with a tremendous determination. At the end of the day we have everything that we need at the compass of our hands. Do 3As we can see life during the radical system was a lot harder than life today and it was loaded with dread, vulnerability, and bad form. Individuals lost a significant number of their fundamental human rights, they needed to smother their independence and capitulate to the system. In the event that we contrast it with the existence that we have now, we have actually nothing to whine about and clearly we are in an ideal situation without the Communists in the administration . It is then difficult to understand why the Czechs are overlooking so rapidly, what the socialists have done in this nation just a couple of decades back and why such a significant number of them have casted a ballot in their favor.I would propose increasingly enlightening efforts about this time of history all together for the Czechs to adapt appropriately about their history, in light of the fact that as George Santayana once composed: â€Å"Those who can't recall the past are sentenced to rehash it† (1). Do Thuy Linh (Linda) Paula Solon Composition I Comparison and Contrast Essay †Life Before and After the Fall of Communism in the Czech Republic November 8, 2012 Essay Outline Thesis: Voting for the socialists is a slip-up, which ought to never be made, in light of the fact that it is extensively better not to have them meddle in our lives.Introduction: The aftereffects of late races in the Czech Republic show a move of voters' inclination to one side. The most upsett ing result is that the second most elevated number of votes has a place with the Communists. The air in those days and now. â€Å"Shades of grey† and air of dread People have a sense of security and free Concept of opportunity in those days and now/There was no genuine majority rules system and fundamental human rights were abused Human rights are these days made sure about through incalculable universal agreements Everyday existence of ordinary individuals in those days and now.Things as voyaging and shopping were blocked or denied Today in this worldwide world we can go anyplace and purchase nearly anything Conclusion: Comparing life in those days and now plainly we don't have anything to grumble about. It is then difficult to accept how the Communists got such a significant number of votes. Perhaps the Czechs need increasingly educational battles so as to adapt appropriately about their history. Works Cited 1. Santayana, George. The Life of Reason. London: Prometheus Books , 1998. Print.

Books Are Not Data

Books Are Not Data You might have come across a recent article by Joshua Rothman in The New Yorker entitled An Attempt to Discover the Laws of Literature, and you might have thought, huh, the laws of literature? As in, the laws of physics? Yeah, well, Im standing up on my soapbox and saying, hey, books are NOT data, theyre books. Now, this article stirred up lots of feelings latent in my brain since I left academia several years ago. I was a literary studies grad student at a time of flux, when close reading was falling out of fashion, distant reading was a hot new phrase, and the next big Theory of Reading was still on the horizon. And lil ol me, I was just sitting there in seminars and lectures thinking, what about just reading? Whats wrong with that? So what was this article that got my hackles up? Well, it focuses on the work of noted Italian literary scholar and Stanford Professor Franco Moretti, the father of Distant Reading. Listen, do you remember when your English professor gave you an Emily Dickinson poem and told you to dissect it like it was a bug, considering each word and rhyme in order to understand the poems meaning? Well, that, of course, was close reading. Moretti wants you to gain some perspective and, you know, get as far away from that poem as you possibly can, preferably as far as the next galaxy. That way, youll have a better understanding of the arc of literature, i.e. distant reading. As Rothman explains, The basic idea in Morettis work is that, if you really want to understand literature, you cant just read a few books or poems over and overInstead, you have to work with hundreds or even thousands of texts at a time. By turning those books into data, and analyzing that data, you can discover facts about literature in generalthese types of analysescan show us the forest rather than the trees. Ok, ok, STOP. Now, Rothman acknowledges that while he may not subscribe to Morettis thinking concerning reading, he does appreciate the spirit of the enterprise because it forces literary people to think outside of the box and acknowledge all of the books that they will never and can never read. But books, my friends, books are still not data. Long ago, we stopped being able to read all that there was to read in the world, and the Earth kept spinning. We had to admit that our lifespans simply didnt allow us to read (or do) all the things we wished we could. And that is why this little thing called CHOICE was invented. You have the right to choose what you want to read (literary fiction, histories, biographies, science fiction, romance, poetry, essays, etc. etc. etc.) and each book will inevitably lead you to another. Another way to think about this is to look back at those Book Riot posts about diversity in reading (for instance, this one.) Ultimately, you must choose to read books written by people who dont look like you or think like you. The choice itself is a reflection of your desire to branch out, learn about other cultures, wrap your brain around new ways of thinking. The choice itself is a major step. But figuratively pouring mass quantities of books into a big computer and figuring out the average title length in the 19th century or the average number of words in 18th-century novels is not reading- and seems to belittle books, to me. Now, I know it sounds like Im comparing apples and oranges, but still. Were still talking about the worlds and words that change us for the better. Now, I heard Moretti speak on the campus of UW-Madison several years ago, and I was charmed. This dude is just so darn charming. And smart. And suave. But as I looked at his charts and listened to his analysis, I felt chilled. His work was interesting, but his data told me nothing about the books themselves. For me, distant reading, like close reading and all the other critical theories that offer us different ways in to books, is just another theory of reading. But what Ive realized, after reaching the other side of academia and launching back into reading for the fun of it, is that only you can decide how you appreciate reading. Ultimately, though, reading is the act of running your eyes across the page and processing the words into images, sounds, feelings, and ideas. We talk to each other about books, we read passages out loud to one another. We lovingly arrange books on shelves or in piles. We download hundreds of them onto our devices. And we immerse ourselves in the stories they tell. So dont talk to me about data, Franco, my dear. I simply dont want to hear about it. Im busy reading.

Barack Obama Speech Rhetorical Speech - 1229 Words

A powerful speech is the first step into engaging an audience through rhetorical strategies, it is also the stepping stone into introducing a way of thoughts, emotions and beliefs on an audience. When Barack Obama spoke to the Graduation Class of 2005 at Knox College, he used these strategies in more ways than one to engage the thoughts of those who attended the event. His credibility of being a senator not only strengthened his argument through Ethos but it made his emotional connection and logical facts seem stronger as well. This emotional connection was really captured when he used Pathos to relate to every single person in the audience by bringing up America’s past which has affected every individual present. His logical facts and the†¦show more content†¦This would start a promising argument which would start as he asked the question, â€Å"What is our place in history?† (Min 2:35, Obama). He continues this same theme fo credibility when he used the strat egy of Logos to present factual evidence during his engagement. He speaks upon history as if he lived it, as if every headline moment greatly affected him. This confidence in history really set up his success in trying to convince the audience through logic, also known as the logos technique. Obama added the idea that before the United States was an idea, history used to dictate what people could do, but now people are dictating history (Min 4:05, Obama). By using this inference, he proved why the work ethic of Americans has boosted our place in history which is the logical way to encourage fellow Americans to keep improving themselves. He then added a newfound term, political paralysis, which is when politics come to a stand still, an event that has yet to occur because, according to Obama, â€Å"We are constantly looking to improve† (Min 7:25, Obama). This political fact boosts his logical reasoning due to the fact that even politics are relying heavy on the constant improv ement of citizen interaction. Yet, even with our own improvement Obama proposes the greatest threat to our own jobs and and careers are those of different countries who can do it fasterShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Barack Obama s Speech1132 Words   |  5 Pagesor Washington, D.C. in 1963. However, on March 18, 2008, at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon-to-be President Barack Obama, a black man with an African father, took the stage and delivered a speech that would paint the racial landscape of his historic presidency. In his speech, Obama welds three distinctive rhetorical tactics to support his overarching argument that unity is compulsory in this country to produce racial equality. First, he opens with a personal andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Barack Obamas First Inaugural Speech1547 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2015 The Power of Rhetorical Devices in Barack Obamas First Inaugural Speech Introduction: Attention Getter/Hook (No Questions, 1 Sentence): â€Å"We the people have remained faithful to the ideas of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.† Bridge/Introducing the Idea (2-3 Sentences minimum): Barack Obama is consoling and complementing us on our past and encouraging us to stick together for our future. This is very important because we know that Barack Obama is here for us and he willRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Obama s Victory Speech1181 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Obama’s Victory Speech Introduction: Barack Obama was re-elected as President of the U.S on November 6th, 2012. Barack Obama held his Victory Speech on the following day. This essay will analyze and comment on an excerpt of that exacting Victory Speech and the solution focus of the criticism will be on the Rhetorical belongings of the Speech. By using numerous forms of Rhetorical apparatus like Anaphora or Tautology, Barack Obama controls to offer a Speech that is full of AmericanRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of President Obamas Inauguration Speech1410 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 20, 2009, President Obama was officially inaugurated and sworn in as the forty-fourth president of the United States of America. The tradition of being inaugurated requires the president to give a speech about the goals they want to reach during their presidency. The president must make a speech that appeals to the audience while being professional. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. Obama uses rhetori c to achieve presenting his message of creating hope and changeRead MoreAnalysis Of A More Perfect Union By Barack Obama Speech1178 Words   |  5 PagesS. needs to be more â€Å"united† to be able to become better as a country? Former president, Barack Obama does. â€Å"A More Perfect Union† is the name of a speech given by Barack Obama in 2008 for his presidential campaign. In his speech, Obama builds an argument on how United States citizens must come together and look past racial and ethnical differences in order to better our country. Throughout his speech, Obama states various reasons to support his argument. Some of the many reasons include: the problemRead MoreA Comparison Of Barack Obamas Speech846 Words   |  4 PagesBarack Obama who was the former president of the United States and Donald Trump who is the current president of the United States delivered speeches after massive shootings. Barack Obama delivered his speech â€Å"Statement on the Orlando, Fl orida Shootings† to the people of the United States after a man murdered many innocent people at a nightclub. Donald Trump delivered his speech â€Å"Remarks on Las Vegas Shootings† also to the people of the United States but it was delivered after a man murdered manyRead MoreBarack Obama: A Campaign Filled with Good Oral Intercourse Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesObama utilizes the power of persuasion through his political speeches; his discourse is made to be easily understood and have a clear meaning for his audience. Using body language, rhetorical practice and tricolon devices, Obama has inspired his audience through emotions and desires for new politics. Other running candidates, such as John McCain and Hillary Clinton, attempted to express the publics disgust with conventional politicians while being seen as conventional politicians, but Barack ObamaRead MoreObama Selma Speech888 Words   |  3 Pagesaction. In his speech addressed at the 50th anniversary of Selma march, President Barack Obama uses rhetoric to persuade his audience, Americans as a whole, to discourage racism in the United States. President Obama appeals to the rhetorical strategies, uses rhetorical devices, and applies a presentation style; which make his speech effective in terms of rhetoric. President Obama appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos to get his message about racism across to his audience. Throughout his speech, the PresidentRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Obama s Victory Speech1245 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Obama’s Victory Speech This speech was given by Barack Obama who won 2012 election as the president. I’m going to analysis his voice, audience, speaker’s message and occasion for the speech. Different angle, different view can show all the Obama’s rhetorical words in his victory speech. In 2012, this is Barack Obama’s second inaugural. He had greatest way to put all the rhetorical words in his speech. It was one of the best of his speech so far. Rhetoric was made in fifthRead MoreBarack Obama Speech At Wakefield High School1025 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 7, 2009, Barack Obama delivered a speech at Wakefield High school. Obama’s main purpose of the speech was going back to school. I choose this speech because the obvious use of rhetorical evidence. Obama is the 44th and current president of the United States. He was a civil-rights lawyer and teacher before pursuing a political career. Through Barak Obama’s use of his awareness of the rhetorical situation, timing of conditions, and his appropriateness he delivers a speech with the intent to

Environmental Psychology - 1060 Words

Environmental psychology provides a relatively new and at the same time complex perspective on the connection between the human being and the surrounding environment. Despite the fact that this area of expertise represents a mix of several sciences, among which economics, psychology, sociology (Bechtel and Churchman, 2002, p2-5), it provides a structured view on the interactions humans have with their surroundings. Given this co dependence, there are numerous events that happen every day that affect the relation between the human being and its environment. We live in an ever dependent world and environment. Therefore, it is only natural that world breaking events shape and influence life for communities and countries. Alexa Spence and Nick Pidgeon point out this very fact in an article presented in the online version of Environment Magazine, Psychology, Climate Change Sustainable Behavior (2009). They provide certain tools that can be used to change in the behavior of consumers and ordinary citizens once climate change has become a subject for discussion for the international community. The main point the authors are raising concerns the way in which the society, aware on the intrinsic need to change in order to adapt to new challenges faced by climate change, can actually find the motivation, means, and capacity to do this. More precisely, the authors raise the issues of What represents a sustainable lifestyle, and how might competing visions of this beShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Psychology1009 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Paper Robyn A. Cole August 13, 2012 PSY 460 Edward A. Muhammad, M.S. Environmental Psychology For more than the past ten years, the field of psychology has covered drawn out analysis and delved into the correlation among human beings and the environment. Clayton and Myers state that, â€Å"Recent quantitative assessments of the human impact on nature give a sobering picture: the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that about 60% of the earth’s ecosystem Read MoreEnvironmental Psychology Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Psychology is the study of how human beings and animals sense, think, learn and know. Psychology is a science based on observations and theories. Modern psychology is the collecting of facts and turning them into psychological theories to explain peoples behavior and sometimes to predict and influence their future behavior. Psychology, in the past, has been assumed to have clear sub-fields (headings). Although there are many differences between the different classifications ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Cosmopolitanism On Environmental Psychology906 Words   |  4 Pagescosmopolitanism on environmental psychology is highly significant. This article is meaningful to me because it shows different culturals and how pro environmental behaviours is beneficial. Being environmentally responsible: Cosmopolitan orientation predicts pro environmental Behaviors. Leung, Angela K.-Y.; Koh, Kelly; Tam, Kim-Pong Journal of environmental psychology, Vol 43, Sep 2015, 79 94.http://dx.doi.org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.05.011 In the articleRead MoreHow Do We Define Environmental Psychology925 Words   |  4 PagesTo define environmental psychology, one must do so by considering the following four key features: â€Å"interactive approach; interdisciplinary and international; problem-focused, applied field; and diversity of methods† (Steg et. al., 2013, p. 5-6). To sum, interactive behavior is best understood by me as one’s interactions with nature and the effect nature ends up having on one after engagement has occurred. As a child, I grew up in Jackson County Forest in Black River Falls, Wisconsin. As well, withRead MoreA Brief Note On Environmental Psychology Research Methods Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Research Methods Summary In this study conducted by Megan J. Bissing-Olsoni, Aarti Iyer, Kelly S. Fielding and Hannes Zacher, a survey/diary design was used to examine the relationship of pro-environmental behavior, employees daily affect, pro-environmental attitude, daily task-related pro-environmental behavior, and daily proactive pro-environmental behavior. There were 56 participants in the study and they were all employed in small businesses. The surveys were doneRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology875 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Olubunmi Ruby Akinsanya Environmental Psychology/460 10/5/2010 Richard Hill Title of Paper Why do individuals act differently in different social settings? Environmental Psychology is the field of psychology which studies the way human behavior is affected by their environment. Environment refers to an individual’s social setting, which can change consistently.   (Fisher, 2007). Social settings and educational settings, professional settings and homeRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis866 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis University of Phoenix Environmental Psychology Article Analysis Environmental psychology does not just study how man affects his environment but also how the environment and natural occurrences affect man. The continual cause and affect cycle from both sides of the equation give purpose to environmental psychology as well as incorporating other disciplines. Unlike many disciplines that have a single focus, the focus of environmental psychologyRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis1058 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis Introduction The paper will critically analyze three chosen articles related to the field of environmental psychology. Important facts highlighted in the article, the week and strong points of the article and most importantly the impact that the article has on the field of environmental psychology will be discussed in the paper. The first article is the fifth chapter Coping with Stress taken from the book Health psychology, 2nd ed.) written by RichardRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology And Its Effects On The Environment2034 Words   |  9 Pagesof instances air pollution can not be seen with the naked eye, however it can be seen when clouds of particulate matters appear above a city. As disturbing as seeing polluted air is, it is the unseen pollutants that is a greater danger. Environmental psychology tells us that personal manners and behavior have an effect on the environment. By doing research on how we harm our environment, processes may be put in place to off set and limit such behaviors. Bio-fuel, wind energy, solar energy, cleanRead MoreThe Depletion Of Natural Elements Has A Negative Impact On Human Mind?1775 Words   |  8 Pagesnature is crucial for his health care, to overlook the impact of restorative outdoor spaces on human health and psych. Existing research: Access to nature can enhance wellness Research from many quarters, including the fields of healthcare, psychology, design, public health, and other disciplines indicates that access to nature can enhance health and wellness. Annerstedt and Wahrborg (2011) propose three main kinds of public health effects related to nature: short-term recovery from stress or

Techniques, methods and tools used in the project life cycle Free Essays

Introduction A Project is the combination of organizational resources pulled together to create something that did not previously exist and that will provide a performance capability in the design and execution of organizational strategies (Cleland and Ireland, 2006). Projects have a distinct life cycle, starting with an idea and progressing through design, engineering and manufacturing or construction through use by a project owner. For a project to be successful there are main things which are to be considered always, like the cost of the whole project, time that it’s going to take for it to be complete, the technical performance capability that it’s going to provide and be able to match the results with the design and execution of organizational strategies. We will write a custom essay sample on Techniques, methods and tools used in the project life cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now This whole process in the other name it’s called Project Management. Project management is an important management tool to implement strategy and achieve an organization’s strategic goals. Organizations are using projects to adapt to changes in the competitive environment including increasing cost pressures, scarce available resources, global competition, new technologies and a race to get products to customers first (Hyvari, 2006). Projects deliver the most benefit when they are directly linked to corporate strategy (Crawford, 2006, Srivannaboon, 2006). Also, Project Management is a continuing process of controlling the development of a project from initial planning, to monitoring progress and finally to seeing the successful completion of the project. Every program, project, or product has certain phases of development known as life cycle phases. A clear understanding of these phases permits managers and executives to better control resources to achieve organizational goals (Kerzner, 2003). As a result, the project manager must learn to deal with a wide range of problems and opportunities, each in a different stage of evolution and each having different relationships with the evolving project (Cleland and Ireland, 2002). In this assignment, I’m going to discuss all the activities that are required and analyse some of the techniques, methods and tools used on the project life cycle. Also, I will discuss the skills and competences that project managers’ needs to possess. At the end, I will talk about the roles played by the stakeholders and the contribution of the computer packages towards the successful running of a major project. a) The Project Life Cycle refers to a logical sequence of activities to accomplish the project’s goals or objectives. Regardless of scope or complexity, any project goes through a series of stages during its life. There is first an Initiation or Birth phase, in which the outputs and critical success factors are defined, followed by a Planning phase, characterized by breaking down the project into smaller parts/tasks, an Execution phase, in which the project plan is executed, and lastly a Closure or Exit phase, that marks the completion of the project. Project activities must be grouped into phases because by doing so, the project manager and the core team can efficiently plan and organize resources for each activity, and also objectively measure achievement of goals and justify their decisions to move ahead, correct, or terminate. It is of great importance to organize project phases into industry-specific project cycles. WhyNot only because each industry sector involves specific requirements, tasks, and procedures when it comes to projects, but also because different industry sectors have different needs for life cycle management methodology. And paying close attention to such details is the difference between doing things well and excelling as project managers. Diverse project management tools and methodologies prevail in the different project cycle phases. Let’s take a closer look at what’s important in each one of these stages: 1) Initiation In this first stage, the scope of the project is defined along with the approach to be taken to deliver the desired outputs. The project manager is appointed and in turn, he selects the team members based on their skills and experience. The most common tools or methodologies used in the initiation stage are Project Charter, Business Plan, Project Framework (or Overview), Business Case Justification, and Milestones Reviews. 2) Planning The second phase should include a detailed identification and assignment of each task until the end of the project. It should also include a risk analysis and a definition of a criteria for the successful completion of each deliverable. The governance process is defined, stake holders identified and reporting frequency and channels agreed. The most common tools or methodologies used in the planning stage are Business Plan and Milestones Reviews. 3) Execution and controlling The most important issue in this phase is to ensure project activities are properly executed and controlled. During the execution phase, the planned solution is implemented to solve the problem specified in the project’s requirements. In product and system development, a design resulting in a specific set of product requirements is created. This convergence is measured by prototypes, testing, and reviews. As the execution phase progresses, groups across the organization become more deeply involved in planning for the final testing, production, and support. The most common tools or methodologies used in the execution phase are an update of Risk Analysis and Score Cards, in addition to Business Plan and Milestones Reviews. 4) Closure In this last stage, the project manager must ensure that the project is brought to its proper completion. The closure phase is characterized by a written formal project review report containing the following components: a formal acceptance of the final product by the client, Weighted Critical Measurements (matching the initial requirements specified by the client with the final delivered product), rewarding the team, a list of lessons learned, releasing project resources, and a formal project closure notification to higher management. No special tool or methodology is needed during the closure phase. Reference List Kerzner, H. (2003). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (8th ed.). New Jersey: John wiley Sons Inc. Cleland, D.I, Ireland, L.R. (2006). Project Management: Strategic Design and Implementation (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 26 Cleland, D.I, Ireland, L.R. (2002). Project Management: Strategic Design and Implementation (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 32 Crawford, L., Hobbs, B. Turner, J.R. (2006), Aligning capability with strategy: Categorizing projects to do the right projects and to do them right, Project Management Journal; Jun. 37, 2; ABI/INFORM Global, pp.38-50 Hyvari, I. (2006), Project management effectiveness in project oriented business organisations, International Journal of Project Management, 24 pp. 216-225 Srivannaboon, S. (2006), Linking project management with business strategy, Project Management Journal, Dec; 37, 5; ABI/Inform Global, pp.88-96 How to cite Techniques, methods and tools used in the project life cycle, Essay examples

Ethnicity in Social Context-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Ethnicity in Social Context. Answer: Introduction A very simple explanation of ethnicity is the state of being part of a common group or cultural tradition. When a group of people share a common distinct culture, religion or language, then it is known as an ethnic group. In terms of social existence there are various factors which influence both social inclusion as well as social exclusion. Social inclusion signifies the process where various groups or individuals are given the chance to engage in several economic, political and social systems. On the contrary social exclusion is the process when individuals or groups are relegated to the fringe of the society. In this study an in depth understanding will be gained on the inclusion and exclusion in the society with reference to the ethnicity of an individual or group. An attempt will be made to identify the issues related to inclusion and exclusion in the ethnicity context and also describe the anti-oppressive practices, and that how it might impact ones own practice and relationshi p with the client. This way it will help in understanding how effective counseling can build good relationships even in a cross cultural context. Ethnicity In this study to explain ethnicity the Scottish culture will be taken. Scots are a native group found in Scotland. If the emergence of the group is traced back in history it will be seen that this group emerged when Picts and Gaels merged to form the kingdom of Scotland. People of Scottish descent are spread all across the globe, majorly in the country of Canada (De Kock et al., 2015). The three major languages spoken by the Scots are English, Scots and Gaelic. In terms of religion, the faith that majority of people in Scotland practice is Christianity. The Scots basically means painted people as they have a custom of painting or tattooing their bodies. Hence this provides a clear picture on the ethnicity of the Scottish people and how different it is from the people of New Zealand. They possess a deep rooted culture with rich mythology, very different art form and also performing arts (Marquardt Herrera, 2015) Ethnicity in a social context It is often seen in a social context that an individual is judged on the basis of his national identity. This is often decided by the fact whether claims of that particular individual is regarded by the society. Hence it can be said that ethnicity often makes an individual an outsider. It ultimately leads to social inclusion or exclusion (Kastoryano Schader, 2014).. Since ethnicity or racism is still a subject of taboo in most countries hence there are very few studies relating to the role played by ethnicity or race in social exclusion and inequality. The four major premises on which ethnicity works are: language, region, religion and caste. Religion Religion is one of the common factors which can give rise to lot of issues within the social paradigm. This is specially seen in places where there is existence of several religions being practiced by the population. The stress of the religion based identities often lead to communal riots (Clammer, 2017).. The communal riots again can cause marginalization in the society. This leads to exclusion in the society. Probably that is the reason it is often stated that religion is the most critical point that attacks a particular culture. Religion has thus often been coined as the first sense that builds the feeling of community. But religion should never be perceived as a social security card. Since religion also refers to social inclusion, many wants to grasp it as a tool to adhere to the cream of the society, but that should not be the case. As ethnicity which incorporates religion in itself is not a differentiating factor. Language Apart from religion the other aspect that often creates many challenges or issues is languages. Linguistic aspirations often act as a threat in unity and integrity of any social system. Not only language but dialects often can cause a point of differentiation in the society (Steed, 2015). In the History of India it has often been seen that the concern of most political and social uprising has been due to linguistic differences. This has also caused both social inclusion and social exclusion as a result. Such region based ethnic objectives have been the cause of several social movements. The relationship of language and society has many issues ranging from international relations to interpersonal relationships. Another good example can be the language attitudes in America with respect to the English language. Studies of status of different languages across different countries will give a macro level understanding of social relations and culture (Hunting et al., 2015). An alternative a pproach to language and society, points out situations when usage of language is an activity altogether. In this context, for example, addressing a person by the prefix Mr. or Mrs. is not a case of knowing simple vocabulary. It is also about the relationship and also the social status of the person concerned. Similarly usage of sentence alternatives is not a matter of just simple sentence construction. Choosing the correct construction involves cultural values like politeness, status and deference. Hence this gives a much clearer idea as to hoe linguistic differences creates social barriers leading to social exclusions. Region and caste Since time immemorial it has been that all civilizations irrespective of the time, has structured society in a particular pattern. A good example is stratification like feudal lords and serfs, capitalist and proletariat (Wright Stickley, 2013). Hence it can be inferred that there is no existence of any society without stratification. Societies are stratified on the basis of class, status, caste and also income groups. The word caste had its origin in the Spanish word Casta which meant breed or race. In India caste was the basis of stratification of society since the age of the Rig Veda. There were several issues of caste which led to oppression among the people in the society. This oppression led to marginalization I the society. Even political issues were spurred using this as a tool. Region based demarcation in the society is also common all across the globe (Sacco et al., 2014). Inter regional conflicts have often led to demarcation in the society as a whole creating or inviting social inclusion. Anti Oppressive Practices The simple explanation of oppression is the utilization of power to marginalize silence or subordinate otherwise any social group or category in order to benefit the oppressor. Social oppression generally does not require a very formal organizational support; the desired effect can be made by mere focused individual actions. Anti oppression practices seeks to first identify the oppression that exists and then attempts to mitigate its effects trying to balance the power ij the society (Barak 2016). There are groups in the society and communities that is more powerful than the others based on the membership of that group. A good example can be the group of CEOs of major companies. It would be noticed that this group is dominated by White Males. On the contrary most fast food workers are dominated by women of colour. But when a close look is taken at social assistance or state aid, it will be seen most of it is received by aged or disable people. There are hardly available for oppressio n dominated b y ethnicity. Anti oppressive practices does not consist of any established structure or mode (Raj, 2017). It is a continuous process involving innovation. An attempt is being made in recent times about how using a range of anti oppressive ideas like poetry and creativity can break through the traditional modes and confront systematic oppression. Anti oppression has a much wider purview than just combing a bunch of categories of oppression. Anti oppressive stances or practices goes beyond any categorization. The most simple way or method of anti-oppression is to practice minimization of power hierarchies in the social structure. This can be best achieved by building the power of those who hold a marginalized identity in society and reducing the unfair power of those who are the so called privileged class in the society. In a larger context, emergence of anti oppression practices refers to deepening of globalization and the rise of the policies of neo liberalism. Hence a ttempts are being made by social workers all across the globe to clinically orient anti oppression with counseling (Luchies, 2015). Anti oppression practices embodies a philosophy that is person centered, an egalitarian value system that is working on reducing the deleterious effects of inequalities of structure upon a persons life. Hence the focus now is on correcting all injustices, building power of the less powered people and centering the needs of all those communities that have marginalized identities. The UN has specified human rights that work on mitigating social injustice. This helps students and other social workers in practicing theories and skills to uphold these obligations and fulfill the requirement of anti oppression practice. Community power and culture are associated with the maintenance of the equality in the organization and in the society. Identification of the relationship between the society and the associated ethnic group are concerned with the maintenance of the alignment with the diversity in the range of family concern and political beliefs (Ali Lees, 2013).. It has been found that the closed people group may safeguard and reinforce a specific 'culture', in any case, they lessen the encounters accessible to individuals, and they might be extremely defenseless against misconception, preference, persecution and even assault from those outside. Mill and Gwyne in the year 1972 have depicted the impact of institutional watch over disable. In this context, the application of anti-oppressive concern is associated with managing the client or individual from the extent of diverse treatment in the society (Baines, 2013). Anti-oppressive social work rehearses is a way to deal with training that includes a comprehension of the complexities and sources of the mistreatment that exists in our general public and effect on people. It incorporates numerous hypotheses including, however not constrained to "radical, basic, women's activist, against bigot, basic, and liberator systems". With the application of the anti-oppressive concern it has been found that the social workers are ensuring benefits with the development and application of the following client concern management- The application of anti-oppressive application is helping the social workers to maintain the high quality service for the clients. The workers are striving towards the enhancement and maintenance of the professional knowledge for the development of the skills for the client (Mattsson, 2014). Social workers are associated with showing the care for the interest of the client and safety of the practices for the areas of demonstrating the competence On the other hand, during the management of the client with the help of anti-oppression activities; it is essential for the workers to focus towards some of the relevant concerns as following Maintaining the awareness regarding the social differences Linking of the personal and political concern towards the development of the understanding Power related applications for the practice of mutual involvement from the end of client towards the society. Open doors for change are made by the procedure of the challenge. Difficulties are not generally effective and are frequently excruciating for the individual or gathering being tested or testing. Thus, application of anti-oppression is helping in understanding the challenges and suitable application to overcome the situation effectively (Danso, 2015). Conclusion This study clearly brings out the stratification in society that happens in the context of various cultural aspects; ethnicity being one of them. It also wonderfully explores how ethnicity can cause various situations that in turn bring about social inclusion as well as exclusion. These are all examples of oppressive practices that tend to marginalize particular groups, hence the study also discusses the various aspects of anti-oppression practices and how these have impacted the relationship of an individual with its surrounding and clients. The concept of counseling such relationships have been brought up so that these can eventually bridge the gap of stratification and nurture more of social inclusion rather than social exclusion. Referenes List Ali, A., Lees, K. E. (2013). The therapist as advocate: Anti?oppression advocacy in psychological practice.Journal of clinical psychology,69(2), 162-171. Baines, S. (2013). 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