Blacks Attempt To Achieve Equality :: United States History Historical Essays

Blacks' Attempt To Achieve Equality The second amendment of the Constitution guarantees the right of American citizens â€Å"to bear arms shall not be infringed† by the United States government (2nd Amendment). Robert Williams understood how significant this right was to the protection of Black lives which were targets of racism and violence. He advocated the use of violence as a means of self defense and organized local blacks into a â€Å"rifle club with a charter from the National Rifle Association† (60). Skip Curtiss defends this position saying, â€Å"any steps that (Williams) had to take in order to prevent his family and his people from being slaughtered like cattle were completely within his rights† (Curtiss). This is certainly true regarding Williams right to own guns, as explained above, but below the surface of Curtiss’ statement, lie many questions regarding the results the threat of violence has produced. Retaliating against racism with violence actually produces effects whi ch are detrimental to the integrationist movement. Whites felt threatened by Williams militaristic statements, which caused them to hold onto their power with a increasingly tighter grip. Non violence has moral superiority to, is more logically sound than and has produced much more favorable results than armed self defense, and is thus a much better method in the struggle to achieve equality. The most famous advocate of non violence was Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In his essay â€Å"A Letter From a Birmingham Jail† he articulates the position of non violence. Justified is King in his civil disobedience because certain laws treat people unequally, and are therefore immoral. He demonstrates out of protest of these laws, but knows that by breaking laws he must accept certain penalties. King feels that resorting to violence only equates the abused with the abuser. Thus in the fight for a morally just cause, Blacks must not resort to immoral tactics else they becomes victims of hypocrisy. The major problem with armed resistance to protect Black’s lives is that it is does not have a means to produce the ends, which is equality. Williams Asserts that â€Å"the basic ill is an economic ill, (Blacks are) denied the right to have a decent standard of living† (40). No one can logically disagree with this, but threatening to use violence is not a solution. As Williams found out, his position actually made matters worse. Blacks' Attempt To Achieve Equality :: United States History Historical Essays Blacks' Attempt To Achieve Equality The second amendment of the Constitution guarantees the right of American citizens â€Å"to bear arms shall not be infringed† by the United States government (2nd Amendment). Robert Williams understood how significant this right was to the protection of Black lives which were targets of racism and violence. He advocated the use of violence as a means of self defense and organized local blacks into a â€Å"rifle club with a charter from the National Rifle Association† (60). Skip Curtiss defends this position saying, â€Å"any steps that (Williams) had to take in order to prevent his family and his people from being slaughtered like cattle were completely within his rights† (Curtiss). This is certainly true regarding Williams right to own guns, as explained above, but below the surface of Curtiss’ statement, lie many questions regarding the results the threat of violence has produced. Retaliating against racism with violence actually produces effects whi ch are detrimental to the integrationist movement. Whites felt threatened by Williams militaristic statements, which caused them to hold onto their power with a increasingly tighter grip. Non violence has moral superiority to, is more logically sound than and has produced much more favorable results than armed self defense, and is thus a much better method in the struggle to achieve equality. The most famous advocate of non violence was Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In his essay â€Å"A Letter From a Birmingham Jail† he articulates the position of non violence. Justified is King in his civil disobedience because certain laws treat people unequally, and are therefore immoral. He demonstrates out of protest of these laws, but knows that by breaking laws he must accept certain penalties. King feels that resorting to violence only equates the abused with the abuser. Thus in the fight for a morally just cause, Blacks must not resort to immoral tactics else they becomes victims of hypocrisy. The major problem with armed resistance to protect Black’s lives is that it is does not have a means to produce the ends, which is equality. Williams Asserts that â€Å"the basic ill is an economic ill, (Blacks are) denied the right to have a decent standard of living† (40). No one can logically disagree with this, but threatening to use violence is not a solution. As Williams found out, his position actually made matters worse.

Defining Beauty Essay

The word â€Å"beauty† can mean an unlimited amount of things to so many people. Some people see beauty as a woman with a small figure, with her hair and makeup done like that of a model in a magazine. Others may see beauty as more of an internal asset, such as a woman giving more to this world than she knows she’ll ever get back. Still, many others may see beauty as something that is unattainable because the definition of it is so ironically undefined and ambiguous, that it may even be seen as non-existent. Beauty is extremely versatile and its definition is often debated because beauty has unlimited definitions. No one’s definition of beauty is wrong. However, it does exist and can be seen with the eyes and felt with the heart. The first and most commonly referred to definition of beauty is external beauty, or superficial beauty. â€Å"Beauty is only skin-deep†, as some people may say. The general public typically views beauty as something that often must be seen to be believed; a girl is not pretty unless she can prove it with appearance. â€Å"In the perpetual â€Å"body image debate† on Xanga and in the world, there are frequently posts that say, basically: â€Å"All sizes can be beautiful! It’s what’s inside that counts anyways!† Multiple commenters will agree with them, and everyone descends into gooey e-group-hugs. What they’re trying to do†¦ is nice. I won’t argue with â€Å"all sizes can be beautiful†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I have my preferences and you have yours, and ideally we won’t bash one group or the other despite those preferences. I also won’t argue with â€Å"what’s inside counts,† because it’s obvious that one’s personality directly affects the way one is able to bond with people over time. But, to those who try to proclaim â€Å"looks don’t matter,† I say: Bullshit.† (Walker 2010). Whether this mentality is seen as ethically wrong or not, it IS a mentality and it IS acknowledged. If a person believes beauty is solely defined by physical appearance, then that is their individual opinion, and cannot be taken away from them, or marked as â€Å"wrong†. The second form of beauty, most naturally comes to mind as what’s known as â€Å"internal beauty†. You’ll most often hear things like â€Å"It’s what on the  inside that matters!† â€Å"Happy girls are the prettiest!† and the infamous â€Å"You have a great personality and that’s what matters!† Internal beauty IS what’s on the inside, obviously. Internal beauty is personality, charisma, lovingness, generosity; all the characteristics that typically make a person â€Å"beautiful† on the inside. â€Å"As I grew up, I began to realize outer beauty was not so important to make someone good. I remember a friend of mine who was so beautiful that every classmate wanted to talk with her, but she was very arrogant. She believed that she could do everything she wanted because she was so beautiful, but she lost friends one by one. My poor friend! But she learned a good lesson: inner beauty is more important than outer beau ty. After she learned that, she changed her attitude and made friends again.† (Ji 2010). Many people still believe that inner beauty is as important as outer beauty, while still some believe it is more important. This mentality is not wrong because it makes sense to the people that believe it. It must be acknowledged whether people think personality is more important than makeup, or not. And still, some people believe and feel that beauty can only be defined by the person who feels it. In other words, my internal and external beauty is examined and defined by the rest of the world, without me having anything to say about it. This particular definition says that that individual person, in this example being me; that I get to say whether I’m beautiful or not based off of how I feel, not the rest of the world, based off of one or both of the previous definitions. It is simply, what you define yourself as. â€Å"I know I looked beautiful that morning. Perhaps not to the young man holding his toddler in his arms who rode the elevator with me; perhaps not to the friend I met for lunch, a true believer in Botox; perhaps not to passersby on the street; but I knew it for a certainty. I was beautiful. I don’t believe that inner beauty is sufficient in this cruel world. That’s the pap one tells a child. I don’t believe that positive thinking improves your skin tone or that loving or being loved changes the shape of your nose or restores the thickness and color of hair, but I do know that there is a way of being beautiful, even as age takes its toll, that has something to do with the spirit filling with joy, something to do with the union with another human being, with the sense of having done well at something  enormously important, like making happy a man who has made you happy often enough.† (Roiphe 2012). Beauty cannot be defined as a single thing. It has no bounds; no limits as to say how beautiful something or someone can be, or if it’s beautiful or not. Beauty can’t be erased because it is forever living. No person sees it the exact same way. No one’s definition of it is incorrect because it has many definitions. Beauty exists, and can be felt more and more ways every day of our lives. Works Cited Ji, EunSuk. â€Å"Inner Beauty Is the Real Beauty – TOPICS Online Magazine | ESl/EFL | Sandy and Thomas Peters.† Inner Beauty Is the Real Beauty – TOPICS Online Magazine | ESl/EFL | Sandy and Thomas Peters. N.p., 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. . Roiphe, Anne. â€Å"What Makes Me Feel Beautiful.† Real Simple. N.p., 13 Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. . Walker, Alexia. â€Å"Outer Beauty Totally Matters (Don’t Try to Deny It).† lovelyish.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov 2013. .

Sport Recreation Training - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 7954 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Over 150 years ago sports sport and recreation management evolved. Clubs, leagues, and professional tournaments were all started by people credited with the development of sport and recreation management. This type of management mixes the business, management, and marketing aspects of sports into one. There are many colleges that offer some sort of sport and recreation management degree. To find out information about this degree resources can be used such as websites, books, and people in this career. One thing that may be found when researching is that the American Psychological Association is the most common writing style for sport and recreation managers. Writing is one way of communicating to others about sport and recreation management. Verbal skills are also used a lot. From playing baseball with a stick many years ago to hitting with a baseball bat, sports have come a long way. Sport and recreation management is becoming a more popular career the more popular and sophisticated sports get. Do not expect to see this career decline. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sport Recreation Training" essay for you Create order Sport Management and Recreation Management People who share the same understandings and communicate the same way in a professional manner are said to be a professional community. The professional community that offers knowledge about the business aspects of sports is Sport Management. Sport Management is a type of management where people can work in sport related careers dealing with many different levels of sports (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Such levels include professional sports, college sports at the division 1-3 levels, high school sports and youth sports in communities or other programs that are offered. A variety of organizations across the country have a need to hire qualified management personnel who possess a theoretical background in sports. Some of the groups currently employed with sport manager positions are academic institutions, major and minor league professional sports franchises, and sporting good companies (Sport, 2007). Over the past 150 years the organization of sport developed and today still it continues to grow (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). In the early days, sport managers learned from hands-on experiences to work in the sport industry (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Therefore, while the sport industry became more complex, there was a need to train and teach managers in a more formal fashion (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). From this need the study of sport management emerged. At first it seemed as if one only needed to know about sports in general, but now there are many more things to know. Such things include knowledge in business, management, and marketing. Having education in all these fields only pertained to few sport managers in the workplace when this profession came about. Now it is a requirement for a degree. Training on how to use a curriculum began to teach sport management personnel the importance and significance of having a solid curriculum. James G. Mason a physical educator at the University of Miami, Florida and Walter OMalley of the Brooklyn (now Los Angeles) Dodgers discussed this idea in 1957 (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The first masters program in sport management started at Ohio University in 1966 and it was based on Mason and OMalleys ideas about sport management curriculum (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). A little while after the Ohio University graduate program started up, Biscayne College (now St. Thomas University) and St. Johns University founded undergraduate sport management programs. The second masters program started in 1971 at Massachusetts-Amherst (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). These colleges were the first to start these types of degrees. The number of colleges and universities across the United States that offer sport management majors grew rapidly (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). By the mid 1980s the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) figured there were over 40 undergraduate programs, 32 graduate programs, and 11 at both levels offering management degrees (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Today, there are over 200 sport management programs in colleges across the United States. In Canada there are just over twelve programs that offer sport management degrees (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The growth of this academic field was prompted by the sport industrys need for well-trained managers, but was also pushed by the universities and colleges need to attract students (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Colleges and universities that wanted to increase their enrollments in a highly competitive market added sport management programs to their curriculum in the 1980s (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). People are majoring in sport management today because of the need in the field. It has become quite the popular major over the past years and the continuing growth has created demand for the organized study of sport management practices. The growth of this academic field drew concerns of qualified workers. To make sure that the right education and knowledge was obtained by managers, two groups were formed to assist in this. The first group was a group of people who examined this issue. They called themselves the Sport Management Arts and Science Society (SMARTS), which was initiated by the faculty at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005.) This group laid down the groundwork for the second organization, known as the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The purpose of this organization is to promote, stimulate, and encourage study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the care of sport management (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The sport management programs that are approved by the NASSM include sport marketing, legal aspects of sport, management and leadership in sport, ethics in sport management, budget and finance in sport, communication in sport, and the socio-cultural context of sport (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Sport management exists in other countries as well. There are other groups worldwide that use the same curriculum and promote the same education as the NASSM and SMARTS organization do (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). It is good that world-wide universities are developing the same things so that graduates can work whereever they desire. It seems as if the program keeps more structured and uniformed every year. Management has a lot of different areas to it, but in sport management there are three areas to include that are most important. The first area is the goals and objectives that need to be achieved, the second area has limited resources, and the third area is to have limited resource with people and through people (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). As a manager for any kind of business whether it is in sport or not, ones main goal is to get employees involved in what needs to be accomplished. This is an important goal because if the employees do whatever they want to when working, the organization is going to decrease and could end up with unachieved goals. Management is a process of using ones knowledge and understanding (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). In using this process one needs to understand the areas of planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. The development of this theory went through a number of distinct phases; two of these phases were Scientific Management and the Human Relations Movement (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Fredrick Taylor was the first true founder of the management theory (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). He published a book called The Principles of Scientific Management which was the foundation of scientific management in the 1900s (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Working as an industrial engineer Taylor had a big concern on the way that is fellow employees where doing their work (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Taylor thought that the scientific method is the best way to perform better while working on the job (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). In other words the best way for workers to perform better is to reward them with economic rewards. The second phase is human relation. From 1927 to 1932. Elton Mayo was on a team that conducted the Hawthorne studies at Western Electrics Chicago plan (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). He studied how the workers were motivated during work and examined how the changes in the work environment affected output. Mary Parker Follett is also a person who was popular in the writing and work of human relations movement (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Follett was a female consultant in the 1920s; she worked with the male-dominant industrial world (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Follett observed workers as people with attitude, beliefs, and needs (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005, p.20). Follett believed that management was better in a partnership and cooperation and to have people skills in the organization was way more beneficial to the organization (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Human relations are more beneficial in management because it focuses on the behavior of people and human components in the organization rather than focusing on forming a task, like in scientific management. Todays society the study is brought upon human behavior within the organization, which fits into the scientific management and human relations approach. This is what is called Organizational behavior, it characterizes the modern approach to management (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Organizational behavior studies the application of the human side of management and organizations (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Organizations have gone through many changes. Managers have been busy with their organizations because of downsizing, globalizing, installation and usage of information technology. Managers are striving to improve on productivity and competitive challenges that these changes have brought the organization. Through the changes that evolved in these organizations one thing is still clear, the lasting competitive advantage within organizations comes through human resources and how they are managed (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Sport managers perform in many different function areas and work on many activities to fulfill the demands of their jobs. The functional areas that sport managers do are planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. Planning involves defining organizational goals and determining the appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Organizing is all about having your plans and making sure they are put into use. After organizing sport managers must lead, leading is where the sport manager directs the activities of employees as he or she attempts to accomplish organizational goals (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The last step is evaluating, this is where sport managers measure and ensures the progress toward organizational goals. With the sport management field comes a lot of responsibility and knowledge. All the information provided should help one determine the professional community and how to go about learning everything there is to know about the field. History of Sport and Recreation Management The organization of sport management developed over 150 years ago in England (Masteralexis Barr, 2005). The most popular sports were track and field, all the variations of football, and stick and-bat games such as baseball, field hockey, and cricket (Masteralexis Barr, 2005). Englands popularity in sports grew and soon other countries were adopting such sports. Other sports such as basketball, gymnastics, and golf were developed in other countries and later adopted into Englands society. Many years have come since the beginning of sport management. As society changes so does sport management. Managers need to be flexible and consider the changes in society to be successful. Every year the rules and regulations change, thus the management side does too. Throughout sport managements history there have been specific events and people who have contributed to its success. In this management style there are three structures of sports that are important. They are clubs, leagues, and professional tournaments (Masteralexis Barr, 2005). The following paragraphs will give a short summary of each of them and what events or people contributed to them, and also other important events and people that contributed to sport management. One of these events is horse racing. Humans have been interacting with horses for a many decades. It was not until around 1750 that riding horses become a sport. The Jockey Club was founded in London by a group of men brought together by their shared passion for and commitment to horseracing (Maxse, 2007). This club became an effective organization with the management of horse racing. There were approximately 130 members to this club who were elected because of their knowledge and experience of racing (Maxse, 2007). The Jockey Club has grown from one course in London to fourteen courses and hoped to add more. As a person can tell this club was one of the first sports related clubs to come about and it has grown since. Other sports derive from the modern Olympics, which started in 1896. April 6, 1896 was a day where thousands of spectators viewed the first ever modern Olympics located in Athens (Gettings, 2007). The idea of this program was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin of France (Gettings, 2007). He wanted to create something where all nations could come together because of sports, and that is how it all started. The 1896 Olympics had fourteen nations participate in the following games: track and field, fencing, weightlifting, rifle and pistol shooting, tennis, cycling, swimming, gymnastics, and wrestling (Gettings, 2007). It was said that this was to happen annually and that each year it would be located at a different location world wide. This event is important because it is still currently going on and it has evolved into much more. The modern Olympics were a great program that led to numerous other organizations, such as the North American Society for Sport Management. The North American Society for Sport Management was started in 1985 to promote, stimulate, and encourage study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the area of sport management (Cuneen, 2000). This group focuses on topics such as leadership, motivation, communication, organization, ethics, marketing, professional preparation, and financial administration related to sport and exercise (Cuneen, 2000). The NASSM works with local, regional, national, and international organizations to help stay current and informed of all situations. Most of NASSMs members are sport management educators who teach, research, and serve the institution from both the United States and Canada (Cuneen, 2000). Today this group still exists and it has helped sport managers make decisions and gives them resources. The work of the NASSM has opened the eyes of educational institutions for the need of a sport management program. The first masters program in sport management was established at Ohio University in 1966 ((Masteralexis Barr, 2005). Walter OMalley first thought of the idea of a masters program, but did not have the time to pursue this idea. When James Mason heard of the idea he brought it to life. The program focused in depth on contract negotiation, facilities management, and marketing, which could contribute to more efficiently and effectively running a sports organization (Walter, 2008). This program is still running today and has produced many executives in sports industries. One executive that came from a sport management degree program was Garry Bettman, lead executive of the NHL. The Stanley Cup is awarded to the NHL players when they win the championship game, the last game of the NHL season. The Stanley Cup is the most desirable championship trophy in all of sports (Stanley, 2008). It has more than one name; people call it The Cup, The Holy Grail and the of course Lord Stanley Cup (Stanley, 2008). The Stanley Cup is the oldest sports trophy in North America (Stanley, 2008). The trophy was donated by former Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 as an award for Canadas top-ranking amateur ice hockey club (Stanley, 2008). In 1915, the two professional ice hockey organizations, the National Hockey Association and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, reached a gentlemens agreement in which their respective champions would face each other for the Stanley Cup (Stanley, 2008). Since there were a lot of league mergers and folds, it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926, and the Cup later became the de jure NHL championship prize in 1947 (Stanley, 2008). Sport management relates to the Stanley Cup because it is a huge achievement to all the people who are related in this profession. Fredrick Arthur Stanley was born into an upper-class family on January 15, 1841 in London, England (Shea, 2006). For centuries his family played an important task the political life in England. Stanley was the youngest boy of the fourteenth Earl and Derby, who would serve as British prime minister on three separate occasions (Shea, 2006). He served in office on June 11, 1888 after sailing across the Atlantic Ocean with his wife, Lady Constance Stanley (Shea, 2006). His term in office closely paralleled Canadas early history (Shea, 2006). The first Prime Minister Sir John A. McDonald had a stroke, so Lord Stanley took his place traveling coast to coast on Canadas new railways to meet people and give further notice on Canadas new settlement (Shea, 2006). He wanted to keep Canada together because at that time the United States wanted to take over Canada. He also took control over the growth of the great sport hockey. He organized games with other employees and later formed a traveling s quad called the Rideau Rebels which helped spread the love of the game into other centers, including Toronto, which had not yet not yet embraced the young sport (Shea, 2006). After watching many games Lord Stanley wanted to donate a trophy to the team that was the best. He decided to put his name on the Cup and now it is the Cup that every hockey player in the world dreams of winning one day. Luther Halsey Gulick was an asset to the history of sport management. Throughout his life he was always involved in things relating to sports. He started college in 1884 studying physical education (Winter, 2004). He was always interested in physical education and hygiene (Winter, 2004). He began his career as the physical director at the YMCA in Jackson, Michigan. The following year he became head of the gymnastics department at the Young Mens Christian Educations Springfield Training School (Winter, 2004). There he had one of his students help him come up with a set of rules so they could design a game with them. This game became known as basketball. At the same time he was also the international secretary for the physical training department at the YMCA as well as the secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (Winter, 2004). In 1903 he became the first director of physical education in the public schools of New York City (Winter, 2004). He was also on the Physical Training Lecture Committee. In 1904 he initiated the Public School Physical Education Society and the next year founded the informal Academy of Physical Education. He was on the committee for the Olympics in 1906 and 1908 (Winter, 2004). He became one of the founders of many associations related to physical education. He was president of the American Physical Education Association for three years, president of the Public School Training Society for three years, and president of the Playground and Recreation Society of America for four years (Winter, 2004). He also founded the girl scouts program and published many books. Gulicks last job was to serve as chairman of the YMCAs International Committee on Physical Recreation of the War Work Council (Winter, 2004). With this job he traveled internationally and surveyed soldiers on their moral and physical well being. He died in 1918 at age 53 (Winter, 2004). Gulick made many contributions to the sport management fie ld. He started up and directed many programs and organizations and has influenced many people. Gulick was one of the people who started basketball. He is a type of person like Fred Corcoran, who was on of the first founders of Ladies Professional Golf Association. Fred Corcoran was born April 4, 1905 in Cambridge, Massachusetts (World, 2008). In the years before World War II, Corcoran helped found the Ladies Professional Golf Association, the World Cup and Golf Writers Association of America (World, 2008). His knowledge and ideas brought out the best in him. He was one of the founders of the World Golf Hall of Fame. He was one of the sports first agents, managing the careers of Babe Zaharias, Tony Lema and Sam Snead (World, 2008). His biggest achievement in this sport was leading it to its Golden Age. When Corcoran was nine years old he got his first job in golf (World, 2008). He was a caddy at Belmont C.C. near Boston (World, 2008). When he was twelve he moved up to a masters caddy and from there he kept moving up the ladder. When he was a teenager he was an assistant golf secretary for the Massachusetts Golf Association at Belmont (World, 2008). This was a turning point in Corcorans life; he put tournament scoring into history. He was the one that kept spectators and the media up to date on the tournaments progress (World, 2008). He was then made the official scorer for golf. After being golfs official scorer he moved on to Pinehurst and worked as an assistant golf secretary in the office of Donald Ross, the golf course architect (World, 2008). In 1936, the Professional Golf Association (PGA) of America hired Corcoran as tournament manager of the professional tour (World, 2008). Corcoran was twenty-eight when he took this job. The deal was he would run and promote the tour (World, 2008). Corcoran was always in the right place at the right time. For the next forty years, he would manage many people including baseball hall of famers and golf professionals (World, 2008). Corcoran was inducted into the Golf Hall of Fame and his name is a legacy for the sport of golf. Corcoran is a person that contributed to sport management because he started so many professional leagues like the LPGA and the PGA. He contributed his life to make the sport of golf the way it is today. Corcoran was a major tribute to the world of golf. Another person who is a big part of sports would be Ford Christopher Frick. Ford Christopher Frick was born December 19, 1894 in Wawaka, IN (Fleming, 2007a). In 1916, he went to Colorado Springs to become an English teacher (Fleming, 2007a). He wanted to take a different route for a career and started working for the local newspaper. In 1919 he opened up his own advertising agency and wrote the editorial column for the Colorado Springs telegraph (Fleming, 2007a). After working in Colorado Springs for three years he moved out to New York and worked for the New York American (Fleming, 2007a). One year later he wrote the evening journal. He would eventually move up in the world of being a writer and wrote about the New York Yankees and became Babe Ruths number one writer. In May of 1930, Frick worked with radio and became a sportscaster (Fleming, 2007a). He worked in sport casting until 1934 when he was elected the new and first director of the National League Service Bureau, which was the publicity outlet for the National League (Fleming, 2007a). Frick was ele cted president after his term as director ended. His first thought for the sport of baseball was to include a Hall of Fame to honor baseballs great players. Frick was an inspiration to baseball. He was elected commissioner in 1951 and kept teams from going bankrupt (Fleming, 2007a). He was the commissioner for one of the most memorable times in baseball when Roger Maris and Mickey Mantel were going for the home run record to break Babe Ruths record in a single season. In the time that Maris and Mantel played they had more single season games than Ruth did, so as commissioner of baseball Frick could make rules. He made a rule that Maris and Mantel had to break the record in the same quantity of games that Ruth played. He resigned a commissioner in 1965 after being the commissioner of baseball for fourteen years (Fleming, 2007a). He was seventy one at the time he resigned (Fleming, 2007a). He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1970 and passed away in 1978 (Fleming, 2007a) After his death an award was dedicated in his name for baseball broadcasters with distinguished careers (Fleming, 2007a). This award is given to broadcasters who are inducted into the broadcasting side of the Hall of Fame. Frick is probably the most memorable person in the sports industry. His dedication working with the media, being a director, president and commissioner is a great thing for sport management. Fred was a huge part of baseball and contributed a lot of time to the game, another man who did the same is William Hulbert. William Hulbert was born on October 23, 1832 in Burlington Flats, New York (Fleming, 2007b). William was the President of the Chicago White Stockings. He put together some of the best teams in baseball (The First Major League, 2008). He was a businessman so all he wanted to learn to do was make money (The First Major League, 2008). Hulbert felt that the teams were not organized the right way. The teams that lost out in the first rounds would go back home and play showcase games against teams that were not in the league. The association was made in the east and this made it difficult to play teams that were located in the west. Hulbert came up with a plan, he organized eight teams, four in the east and four in the west that was committed to a full championship schedule and had the teams not play teams outside the league to avoid complication (The First Major League, 2008). The eight teams that were in the association had a meeting in New York City on February 2, 1876 (The First Major League, 2008). At this meeting all the teams sat down and talked and agreed on to form a new organization, the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, which was to become the first true major league (The First Major League, 2008).Hulbert contributed to sports management by being the President of the Chicago White Stockings, putting together a plan to have teams play for a championship, and being one of the first people to make baseball a major league sport. The people that I talked about all have something in common. They all were involved in sport management in some kind of way. These people lived it and dedicated themselves to do the best job they could do for sport management and sports. These guys are good at what they did and know one can take that away from them. Sport and Recreation Management Resources As a sport and recreation manager, like any other job, one will not know everything there is to know about ones career. There will need to be people, books, websites, and other publications that one uses to get answers and advice from. All of these are good ways to approach situations and it is good to get many views and choose the one that works the best. One resource sport and recreation managers use is other managers in their field. Many managers who have been working in the position for a while have been through the same experiences. Since they are experienced they would know how to do things and be able to answer questions. Managers might also refer to other resources they use, such as magazines, websites, local radio stations, books, and employees. Mr. Kleven is the Director of Park and Recreation here in Crookston. He uses resources like National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA), Minnesota Recreation and Park Association (MRPA), Crookston Youth Basketball Association (CYBA), Youth Activities, and Crookston Youth Soccer Association (CYSA). These are the main resources that Mr. Kleven uses on a daily basis that help him do his job well. The National Recreation and Park Association is an association that has been around for years. In places across the United States the NRPA has been building parks and recreation areas for people to ride bikes, hike, play catch, or even have their pets run around and play with. Their mission is to Advance parks, recreation and environments conservation efforts that enhance the quality of life for all people. (About APRS, 2007). The values they believe in are to offer good quality facilities, employees that meet the standards of good services to bring out a better community, and have responsible programs for the youth (About APRS, 2007). The NRPA is the nations largest professional and citizen organization dedicated to advancing park, recreation, and conservation efforts that enhance the quality of life for all people (About NRPA, 2007). There are over 20,000 professionals, citizen advocates, educators, and students from diverse backgrounds with the same passion for promoting healthy l ifestyles and livable communities (About NRPA, 2007). There are associations that branch off from the NRPA. One of these associations is the American Park and Recreation Society (APRS). According to the National Recreation and Park Association, this association is the largest professional branch of the National Recreation and Park Association, which consists of more than 8,500 members. The NRPA also states that the APRS consists of professionals who work in the local delivery of park, recreation, and leisure services. This branch has members who symbolize character and concerns for park and recreation. There mission is To strengthen the park and recreation profession; to enhance the quality of life. (About APRS, 2007). The Minnesota Recreation and Park Association (MRPA) is an organization structure that includes members, Board of Directors, Executive Director, membership services, and recreational sports teams (Strategic Plan, 2005). The MRPA has a recreation service function that is attentive and accountable for the recreational services that they provide (Strategic Plan, 2005). Minnesota Recreation and Park Association provides sports like Adult and Youth Softball, Volleyball, Basketball, Broomball, Booth Hockey, Touch Football, Hersheys Youth Track and Field, and they have a Select Special Event programs that allow the youth to go spend the day with the Timberwolves, Lynx, Twins, Swarm, and the Golden Gophers (MRPA 2005-2010 Strategic Plan, 2008). This organization is an organization that supports recreation both in youth and adult, this is why they have a good reference of success. Crookston Youth Basketball Association (CYBA) promotes enthusiasm for basketball and emphasizes skill development and fun (About CYBA, 2008). The CYBA was formed in the early 1990s by a group of individuals interested in encouraging participation in youth basketball (About CYBA, 2008). This association promotes kids from ages nine to fifteen to travel and play basketball. CYBA encourages kids in the summer to shoot and keep track of how many baskets they make and then rewards them with a prize relating to the number of baskets made. This is a way to keep the youth basketball players on track with their skills during the months that there are not practicing. In this program participating youth families must pay a $20.00 fee, but anyone who supports this program can be a member and pay $20.00 a year, even if they do not have kids in the program (About CYBA, 2008). Crookston Youth Soccer Association (CYSA) is an organization that is made up of a board of directors. It consists of individuals, families, coaches, and referees (Welcome, 2008). The CYSA promotes summer soccer for 3-12 graders. During the months one can not play soccer outside, they have a facility to play soccer indoors. This organization raises money for the youth players and the fields they play on. They help support high school and junior high boys and girls soccer also (Welcome, 2008). The CYSA is a strong organization that wants kids to play soccer. They do a lot for these youth to help them grow up to be good athletes, especially playing soccer. Many people in the community find out about sport issues through the radio and television. Different news and sport broadcasters let the public know about upcoming games and events. Sport and recreation managers, like Kleven, use these resources to obtain some information and statistics from games, events, and meetings. Crookston has a local radio station called KROX. This is a type of resource that Kleven uses for his job. KROX keeps the community updated on events and has a great sports section for people who like sports around the community. They involve all levels of sports from youth leagues, varsity, and adult leagues and have daily and weekly shows with sports players and their coaches. KROX is also very good and broadcasting live games or local sporting events, no matter where they are located. When there are two games played at the same time they usually have a broadcaster at each game and record one and play that after the other game is finished. They keep a current website available at www.kroxam.com. This website gets many visits a day. The sports page gives all the information needed about any Crookston sports team or Minnesota professional teams. It even has live web casts for people that live out of the radio stations range, so they can listen to selected games on the computer broadcasted live from KROX. This radio station is a very good resource for various teams and information. The Crookston Park and Recreation Department offers sport programs for youth. Some summer programs include baseball, softball, tball, golf, tennis, others. In the winter they offer basketball, hockey, and indoor soccer. The City of Crookston hires students from around the community to work with children and also to be role models. The youth program involves youth from grades preschool through ninth grade. The City of Crookston is a well know town for there youth programs. The Park and Recreation workers work hard to maintain fields, tennis courts, and other parks around the town. This is a great resource for other towns to look at because they can get ideas of things that are successful in Crookston. Resources are such an important part of anyones career. It makes things easier for the manager if things can be done the correct way the first or second time. With all the information out there now, including the internet and brochures, there should be a way to find out whatever kind of information you need. Communication Paper One of the largest components of a sport and recreation managers job is ones ability to communicate. Communication is a vital role in many circumstances. It shows how one reacts to certain situations and how effectively ones job is done. There are different ways to determine what kind of communication skills are being used or should be used. Communication Styles There are three basic types of communication styles: aggressive, passive, and assertive. Each style will best fit each individual. Aggressive communicators think everyone should be like them. They often have trouble listening and seeing other peoples point of view. They are bossy and impatient to others. On the other hand, passive communicators always agree with everyone. They let others make choices and they feel powerless. The kind of communicator a good sport and recreation manager should obtain is the assertive style. Assertive communicators are effective listeners, trust self and others, and are confident in their choices. They have good enthusiasm and are able to motivate others (Sherman, 1999). This will help them with the communication skills that they will use. Communication Skills With assertive being the style of communication that best fits this profession, next the communication skills need to be acquired. Some good communication skills include speaking, listening, interviewing, reading, writing, giving feedback, and being interview (Communication skills, 2008). These would all be ideal for every sport and recreation manager to have. Speaking is the most commonly used form of communication. Sport and recreation managers need to speak to their employees, the community, and people utilizing the activities provided. It is done to explain things, to provide information, or just to have conversations. There will need to be meetings that are put on where the manager speaks on issues. There will also be phone calls, interviews, and feedback reports that should be a verbal type of communication. Speaking is an effective way to communicate with anyone. To let people know one has full attention, good listening skills are needed. Employees, the community, and people utilizing activities want to know that the manager cares about what they have to say and will deal with their concerns. Situations where one would use this skill would be in meeting, general conversations, interviews, grievance issues, questions, and concerns. All managers need good interviewing skills. There will always be the need to hire employees. They need to be sure that they get the right applicant for the job through the interviewing process. There are many different things to read. One will get emails, notices, letters, faxes, bulletins, brochures, etc. To understand the information or what is being asked of one needs to be able to read efficiently. The sport and recreation manager will have things that may be read out loud to other people or to themselves. For all the different ways to read things one may also write them. The sport and recreation manager will have to send letters, emails, etc. out to the employees, community, and people utilizing activities. They need to be updated and informed on matters that concern them. They may write things down while someone else is talking, which would also require good listening skills, or they can just write down information that they have questions on or to remember things better. When employees do good and bad things, feedback should be given to them. They need to know what is being done right and wrong so they can perform to the sport and recreation managers standards. Feedback is done at least annually and can be done whenever needed or observed. There will be times in a sport and recreation manager career where they will be interviewed. Whether it be for a news station, paper, or for a students research paper they need to be on top of what is going on and be able to answer questions on the spot. These styles of communication are used not only as a sport and recreation manager, but for many types of professional communities. The styles cover almost every kind of communication style commonly used. Communication on a Regular Basis Verbal and written communication will be used everyday. There will be certain things that are not communicated as commonly as others, but still used. On a daily basis a sport and recreation manager will have mail to open, emails to read, meetings to attend, and people to talk to. Weekly will most likely use the same communication skills. On a monthly basis there will be other kinds of meetings or events to utilize communication skills at. There will also be quarterly reports that need to be read and explained to other employees. Yearly there are usually annual meetings to attend. These are just some of the more common types of regular basis communication skills used by sport and recreation managers throughout their career. A good person that uses these tasks every day would be Dr. David Rolling. Dr. Rolling is the Sport and Recreation Manager Program Coordinator at the University of Minnesta, Crookston. He attended Bemidji State University in Bemidji, MN, to get a bachelor degree in Sport Management and a masters degree in Sport Studies (David Rolling, 2008). He got his Ph.D. in Sport Administration at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, KS (David Rolling, 2008). Dr. Rolling was also an athlete. He played minor league baseball and hockey growing up. After he was done playing he coached. He has coached at division 1, 2, and 3 levels for hockey and baseball. He currently is the UMC Golden Eagles assistant hockey coach. He also has worked in the professional level for football. He was a player compensation for the Kansas City Chiefs, which deals with players contracts and negotiations. Dr. Rolling currently works at the University of Minnesta, Crookston as the Sport and Recreation Manager Program Coordinator, a professor and is the advisor for all of the Sport and Recreation Management degree students. He teaches six classes a semester. Some of those classes are Seminar in Sport and Recreation Management 4099, Exercise Physiology 3320, Sports Marketing 3006, and Sport and Recreation Law 3002. Rolling has been here on campus for two and a half years. As stated earlier, one of the largest components of a sport and recreation managers job is ones ability to communicate. Now that all the styles, kinds, skills, and ways of communication have been presented one can really see how often communication is used. The perfect candidate would have all of these traits, but lets face it, no one is perfect! APA Compared to MLA Paper formatting is based upon the rules of the particular style one is using (Paper, 1999). There are many different ways to format a paper. All styles define how a paper should be written, the format of the paper when printed, and how references are cited (Paper, 1999). One may ask, why the need for all of this? The answer is to give credit to the author or publisher for their original work and to let others know where the information was obtained so they may utilize it too. Two of the more common types will be discussed and compared. The first style is used by sport and recreation managers and the second is used by other career fields. American Psychological Association (APA) is the most selected writing style. APA style specifically points out names and order of headings, formatting, and organization of citations and references (APA, 2008). This style points out the arrangement of tables, figures, footnotes, and appendices, as well as other manuscript and documentation features (APA, 2008). APA provides the basic guidelines for documenting print and electronic resources (APA, 2008). In an APA style paper there are certain sections that should be included in the paper, with each section starting on a new page. The sections include: title page, abstract, body, references, author note, footnotes, tables, and figures (APA, 2008). Modern Language Association style (MLA) requires that specific rules be followed for formatting manuscripts (Enzine, 2008). This style provides writers with a system that is suitable to cite references, the usage of which enhances the writers credibility by listing outside sources in order to give recognition where it is due (Enzine, 2008). One advantage of this style is that it provides a writer protection from plagiarism. There are many other things that differ between APA and MLA. The guidelines for APA are: Assignments must be typed double-spaced on 8.5 x 11 inch pages. The title page must include bylines, titles, or running headers. Page numbers must be included (similar to MLA) followed by 5 spaces, then an abridged version (2 words) of the papers title. Some instructors require students to prepare an abstract which is a 75 to 100 word overview of the chosen topic highlighting the major points of discussion in the paper. It must be set up on its own page with the word Abstract centered at the top of the page, and placed right after the title page. Headings are not specifically necessary but can be helpful in navigating through a paper. Every word of the heading must be capitalized with the exception of articles such as the, a, and an, and certain conjunctions such as and, and but. Visuals such as tables and figures including graphs, charts, and drawings may be included; however, each must be labeled with an Arabic numeral i.e. Table 1, Table 2, etc. Titles must be flush left; each inserted illustration must include its source. Lists of all references must be included on its own page at the end of your written work. Each reference should be centered, starting at the top of the page (also double spaced) and listed in alphabetical order according to the authors last name, editor, or by the title of the work (excluding the words A, An and The) (Ezine, 2008). Guidelines for MLA are: Assignments are to be typed on pages no larger that 8.5 x 11, double spaced, with either Times New Roman font, or Courier. One space must be inserted between all punctuation marks. Margins must be set to one inch on all sides of the paper. All paragraphs must be indented one inch (one tab) from the left margin of the page. Headers must be inserted on each page in the upper right hand corner displaying the page numbers of the essay consecutively (some instructors will ask that a students last name follow the page number on each page). If endnotes are included in your work, they must be placed on the last page, right before your works cited page (Ezine, 2008). APA and MLA references are cited two different ways. When citing from books in MLA one writes: Welch, Ben. Football Plays for Youth Football. 4th ed. Minnesota: Football, 2008. When citing from books in APA one writes: Welch, B. (2008). Football Plays for Youth Football. Minnesota: Football Basics. Journal articles for MLA are written: Donaldson, Scott. Protecting the Troops from Hemingway: An Episode in Censorship. The Hemingway Review 15 (1995): 87-93 (MLA, 2008). Journal articles for APA are written: Baptista, L. F. (1984). Song leargning in the anna hummingbired. Ethology, 84, 15-26 (MLA, 2008).The citation list for MLA should have a titled page called Works Cited. In APA style the titled page for citation should be called resources. Citing in text is also done differently. When you cite one author in APA style you cite (Henneberg, 2008, 9). In MLA format you cite (Henneberg 9). They are very similar to each other and could easily be mixed up. In conclusion MLA and APA look similar, but specific guidelines make them different. MLA and APA are great ways to write papers. Students, writers, and professors across the world use these style manuals to write papers, books, journals, and other documents. These styles are great for all people to use, because of the basic rules to follow. References About APRS. (2007). National Recreation and Park Association, Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.nrpa.org/content/default.alpx?documentId=525 About CYBA. (2008). About Crookston Youth Basketball Association (CYBA), Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.crookstonbasketball.com/about.htm About NRPA. (2007). National Recreation and Park Association, Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.nrpa.org/content/default.aspx?documentId=25 Air Way College Gateway to the Internet. (2008). Communication Skills, Retrieved April 1, 2008, from https://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc-comm.thm APA Style. (2008). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved April 21, 2008 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style Cuneen, J. (2000). North American Society for sport Management History: Retrieved February 25, 2008, from https://www.nassm.com/InfoAbout/NASSM/History Ezine Articles. (2008). MLA Writing Style vs. APA Writing Style, Retrieved April 21, 2008 from https://www.ezinearticles.com/?MLA-Writing-Style-vs-APA-Writing- Stye#id=921055 Fleming, F. (2007a). Ford C. Frick, Retrieved February 26, 2008, from https://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/mlb/comish/frick.html Fleming F. (2007b). William Hulbert, Retrieved February 26, 2008, from https://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/mlb/comish/frick.html Gettings, J. (2007). The First Modern Olympics: Athens, 1896, Retrieved February 25, 2008, from https://www.infoplease.com/spot/summer-olympics- Glove University Minnesota School of Business. (2006). MLA vs. APA: A Basic Comparison, Retrieved April 21, 2008 from https://students.msbcolege.edu/library/guides/citecompare.html Masteralexis, L. P. Barr, C. A. (2005). History of Sport Management, Principle and Practice of Sport Management (pp. 1-22). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartllett Maxse, J. (2007). The Jockey Club. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from https:// www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/pdf.php?id=41588filename=2007_anual_review MLA vs. APA. (2008). Retrieved April 21, 2008, from https://dept.lamar.edu/writingcenter/images/MLA%20%APA.doc MRPA 2005-2010 Strategic Plan (2008) Minnesota Recreation and Park Association 2005-2010 Strategic Plan, Retrieved April 1, 2008 from https://www.org.strategicplan.html Paper Writing. (1999). Formatting the Paper. Retrieved April 21, 2008 from https://www.music.miami.edu/research/writing/style.html Rolling, David. (2005). Curriculum Vitae. Retrieved April 2, 2008 from https://directory.umcrookston.edu/resumes/resume_david_rolling.pdf She, K. (2006). Stanley Cup Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2008 from https://www.hhof.com/htmlexSCJ06_02.shtml Sherman, R. (1999). Understanding Your Communication Skills. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from https://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/aba/comm_style.html Sport Management Career Overview. (2007). Retrieved February 11, 2008 from https://www.guidetocareereducation.com/spor-management-career-overview.html Stanley Cup. (2008). Retrieved February 26, 2008 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup Strategic Plan. (2005). Minnesota Recreation and Park Association 2005-2010 Strategic Plan, Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.mnrpa.org/../strategicplan.html The First Major League (1875-1889). (2007). Retrieved February 26, 2008 from https://www.hickoksports.com/history/baseba04.shtml Walter OMalley. (2008). Retrieved February 26, 2008 from https://www.sportsad.ohio.edu/history/omalley.html Welcome to the CYSA (2008). Crookston Youth Soccer Association. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.crookstonsoccer.com Winter, T. (2004). Luther Halsey Gulick. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from https://www.infed.org/thinkers/gulick.html World Golf Hall of Fame Profile: Fred Corcoran. (2008). Retrieved February 26, 2008 from https://wgv.com/hof/member.php?member=1037

Martin Luther Freedom Of A Christian And John Calvin

In the late 1400’s through 1500’s, the Christian church not only sought out to reform the material world, but also completely cleanse society in its entirety. Charles V’s decided to divide his empire causing tensions to pull Europe in all different directions. Because of this division, many followers had converted to various competing branches of Protestantism within the Holy Roman empire. The sources, Martin Luther: Freedom of a Christian and John Calvin: Articles Concerning Predestination and The Necessity of Reforming the Church, contained similarities and differences in regards to Church reforms while St. Ignatius of Loyola: A New Kind of Catholicism specifically had slightly differently ideologies in regards to the repentance of sins. All in all, these three models disagreed on many points of the doctrine and church, which created the increase of fractures within Christian Piety. Martin Luther s and Calvin s ideas were viewed as similar because they both agreed that religious authority relied on the Bible, rather than the ideologies of the Pope, but also contained slight differences between the Church and State. Calvin believed that all should serve God in his individual form and Luther later agreed with this idea after confronting Pope Leo X about faith saving sinners, not acts of good deeds. Luther created the idea of predestination, that Calvin was also interested in, and concluded his major doctrine is justification by faith on it’s own. Through this quote, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Colonial Period Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagespresent society through questioning past beliefs. Martin Luther leads the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin expands on the idea of predestination. The Puritans live strictly by the word of the Bible, and the Quakers inspire many people to join them in their friendly lifestyle. 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A Theologian is defined as â€Å"the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; the study of God and God’s relation to the world.† Martin Luther had submitted a note which contained the 95 Theses that was written in Latin on October 31, 1915, and left on the door of the Castle Church also known as Schlosskirche Wittenberg. Luther questioned some of the ways and the gratificationsRead MoreMartin Luther ( 1483-1546 )2808 Words   |  12 PagesMartin Luther (1483-1546) – Martin Luther was a German monk and theologian whose initial concern with the C atholic Church’s sale of indulgences ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation. He was a prolific writer and his theology challenged many of the accepted traditions of the church, perhaps most importantly his doctrine of â€Å"justification by faith,† affirming that human faith and justification are not works of their own hands, but gifts from God. Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560) – Philipp Melanchthon

A Green Economic Plan For The Environment Essay - 1837 Words

With the deterioration of numerous environments around the globe, and the increased phenomena of anthropogenic climate change, it is evident that changes must take course and the protection of the environment become a crucial aspect embedded in social, political, and economic change. With this understanding, many nations across the globe have adopted a green economic plan that aims to reduce the impact upon the natural environment, whilst also ensuring economic benefit; however, establishing a strong green economic plan that targets the reduction of impact upon the environment can be a financially difficult process, particularly for nations that do not possess the adequate funding. Considering this, many nations in this position partner up with other nations so that the necessary funding can be fulfilled. Guyana is a sovereign state situated in South America that is known to have exceptionally high rates of deforestation for the past several years. 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Directors Wholly Owned Subsidiary Companies-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Whether Statutory And Equitable Duties Are Breached By Jack, Alice And Francis Towards The Superdry Stores Ltd? Answer: Introducation Generally, company is bound by only those contracts which are signed by the person authorized by the company. In number of cases, authority of the person is denied by the company for ignoring its obligation under the contract. Because of these issues it becomes important for outsiders to confirm the authority of the person who is acting on behalf of the company and also the compilation regarding internal rules of the company before entering into any transaction with the company. However, those companies which have more than one or two directors imposed the management power not to the single director but to the board collectively for the purpose of managing the affairs of the company and entering into contract with outsiders. These powers are imposed either through the constitution of the company or replaceable rules. In other words, complete management power does not imposed in single director. Board of directors of the company has power to pass resolution for the purpose of entering into contract on behalf of the company, but it must be noted that these powers are subject to some restrictions also. In other words, board has power to enter into contract but some matters are strictly reserved for shareholders approval. It must be noted that this concept of law is not fair because it make the outsiders liable to check whether company and authorized person complied with all the necessary requirements or not. Therefore, it becomes necessary for law to protect the interest of outsiders. Common law which protects the outsiders interest is introduced for balancing the competing policy issues. Two interests are balanced through this law, and both the interests are stated below: First interest is related to the convenience of business which can be affected outsiders are forced to investigate the internal regulations of the company for the purpose of checking the actual authority of the person acting on behalf of the company. Second interest is related to the protection of the shareholders and creditors interest in the company. according to the Mason CJ, while applying the first interest it is necessary to prevent over extensive application of the first interest for the purpose of preventing the facility of the fraud and unjust favor to those who deal with the companies at the cost of interest of creditors and shareholders. Common law introduced doctrine of indoor management and section 128 and 129 of the Corporation Act 2001 for the purpose of protecting the interest of the outsiders while dealing with the company (Krawitz, 2002). High Court of Australia approved the rule of Indoor Management in case of Albert Gardens (Manly) Ltd v. Mercantile Credits Ltd, and make the comment on this matter in case Northside Developments Pty Ltd v. Registrar-General. Both the cases are considered as important reference for understanding the doctrine of Indoor management. This doctrine is introduced for those outsiders who are dealing with the company in good faith and they do not have any sufficient reason to believe that person is not authorized to act on behalf of the company and management fails to compile with the internal rules of the company. Outsider who is dealing with the company in good faith is not under obligation to confirm whether person complied with all the rules and regulations or not. Therefore, it is the right of outsider to make assumption that person acting on behalf of the company is duly authorized by the company and compiled with all the rules and regulations of the company. This assumption can only be made regarding the internal matters of the company. If outsider wants protection under doctrine of indoor management then subject matter must be related to the internal management of the company (ILO, 2014). Following things can be assumed by the outsider while dealing with the company: There is no procedural defect on the part of the company while appointing the companys director. Resolution passed in the board meeting fulfills all the necessary requirements of the company, and meeting held as per the norms of the company and constitution. Any required approval either board or member has been obtained. This doctrine is applicable only in those case in which outsider is involved, and it provides guidance to the person who is dealing with the company. However, this doctrine is not applicable on public corporation only but it also applied on private corporations also. This rule has some exceptions also, which means in some situations this rule is not applicable and these situations are actual knowledge, doctrine of Constructive notice, forgery, and due inquiry. This can be understood through case law Howard v Patent Ivory Manufacturing Co [1888] 38 Ch. D. 156. In this case, Court stated that outsider who are dealing with the company cannot rely on the doctrine of indoor management if such outsider has knowledge that person was not authorized on behalf of the company or does not compiled with the internal requirements of the company. In this directors borrow money from themselves by passing the resolution in the board meeting for the purpose of issuing debentures in lieu of those borrowings under common seal of the company. Court reject the right of directors to recover the money and company was not bound with the borrowings because directors know that approval from members were not taken. Application: In this case, Bob signed the contract with Computer Supplies Pty Ltd for the purpose of buying 10 computers for $8000, and Bob also signed contract of $ 50000 with Plastica Pty Ltd. Both the contracts are signed on behalf of the SSA. Constitution of the SSA states that any contract upto $10000 cannot bind the company unless such contract is approved by the resolution passed by board and must be signed by at least two directors. Part a- contract signed by Bob on behalf of SSA with Computer Supplies Pty Ltd is below the $10000, and as per the constitution any contract below $10000 does not require any approval from board. Therefore, contract signed by Bob with Computer Supplies Pty Ltd is enforceable in nature and binding on the company. Part b- contract signed by Bob on behalf of SSA with Plastica Pty Ltd is above the $ 10000, and for this purpose Bob fails to take approval from the board as peer the constitution of the company. Contract is enforceable in nature because doctrine of indoor management is applicable in this case. This doctrine allowed the outsiders to make assumption that person acting on behalf of the company is duly authorized by the company and compiled with all the internal rules and regulations of the company. Rule of Indoor management was introduced in case law Royal British Bank v. Turquand. This case was considered as landmark case in the field of doctrine of indoor management. In this Court decided that power was imposed in the outsiders to make assumption that company compiled with all the internal rules and regulations. In this case, companys directors take borrowing from the bank, but as per the requirement of the constitution directors fails to take approval from the members in general meeting. After that company refuse to make payment on ground that director of the company fails to fulfill the internal requirement of the company because of which company was not liable to made payment to the bank. This argument of the company was rejected by the Court, and judge held that bank has right to assume that company fulfill all the internal requirements and borrowing taken by company were authorized by the members. This decision of the Court was named as rule of Turquands case and later it was named as the Indoor management rule (Cain, 1989). In the present case also plastic has right to assume that Bob is duly authorized by the company and compiled with all the internal requirements. Usually, role of the directors of the company is to oversee the companys management, and these directors handle the companys management on behalf of the shareholders because in actual shareholders of the company are the actual owners of the company. The power imposed under directors of the company to manage the company is provided through companys constitution, article, and by law. In case of wholly-owned subsidiary, generally directors of the parent company are not liable for the management of the subsidiary company, but in some cases directors of the parent company are liable towards the subsidiary company also. Therefore, it becomes important for the directors of the parent company to know that they also own statutory and equitable duties towards the subsidiary company also. However, directors of the parent company owned this duty if they are acting as shadow director of the subsidiary company. Term shadow director is introduced in section 9 of the act, and according to section 9 if board of the subsidiary company act as per the directions of the director of parent company then such director is known as the shadow director. Section further states that if person is not duly appointed as director then also such marketing is considered as shadow director if management is bound to act as per the directions of such person (GIA, 2014). It must be noted that shadow director is also liable to follow statutory and equitable duties as subject to Corporation Act 2001. Following are the statutory duties Duty under section 180, to exercise due care and diligence. This section states that director must act with due care and diligence while performing management function. This duty is mainly considered as fiduciary duty of the director which mainly deals with the business judgment and states that director must act in good faith and in the best interest of the company while taking any decision. This can be understood through case law ASIC v Vines. In this case, Mr. Vine held liable for breach their duty under section 180 of the Act by providing misleading and inadequate material information to the bard of the company. Duty under section 181 to perform their functions and discharge their duties with good faith and in the best interest of the company. This duty imposed responsibility on director to act for the benefit of the company. It must be noted that non-compliance of section 180 and 181 can result in severe civil and criminal consequences stated under section 1317E of the Act. This section state, directors of the company who breaches above stated sections related to statutory duty are held liable by the Court and for this purpose Court made declaration of contravention. If this declaration is made by the Court then ASIC can apply for below stated remedies against the directors: Remedy under section 1317G related to pecuniary penalty order. Remedy under section 206 by disqualifying the director from managing the company (Corporation Act, 2001). ASIC v Adler can be the case which helps in understanding the breach of director duty and consequences of this breach. In this case, directors of the company breached statutory duties under the Corporation Act 2001. Directors of the company were held liable for breach section 180, 181, and 182 of the Act. In the present case, all three directors of the parent company that are Jack, Alice and Francis can be considered as shadow director of the Superdry stores Ltd, because board of the Superdry Stores Ltd is bound to act as per the directions of these three directors. Therefore, all three directors of the parent company that are Jack, Alice and Francis own statutory duty towards the Superdry stores Ltd. This can be understood through case law Dairy Containers Ltd v NZI Bank Ltd [1995] 2 NZLR 30. In this case, Court held that parent company was not liable towards the wholly-owned subsidiary because board of the subsidiary was not bound to act as per the directions of the holding company. As shadow director of the Superdry Stores, Jack, Alice and Francis breach following statutory duties: Shadow directors breach duty under section 180 of the Act by failing to consider the best interest of the company while taking the business judgment. They fail to provide personal guarantee for the amount borrowed by Holdings and manufacturers. Directors while taking the business judgment fail to perform their duties with due care and diligence because for protecting themselves against personal liability they provide the guarantee of superdry stores. Directors also breach their duties under section 181 of the Act by failing to perform their functions and exercise their duty in the good faith and in best interest of the company. Directors give preference to their personal interest instead of the interest of the company. Following are the consequences which can be faced by the Jack, Alice, and Francis: Under section 1317E, Court can make declaration of contravention against the three directors and make disqualification order under section 206 of the Act and pecuniary penalty order under section 1317G of the Act. All three directors are the shadow directors of the Superdry stores and they breach their duties under section 180 and 181 of the Act. References: Albert Gardens (Manly) Pty Ltd v Mercantile Credits Ltd, [1973] HCA 60; 131 CLR 60. Asic v Adler and 4 Ors [2002] business-law (14 March 2002). ASIC v Vines [2005] NSWSC 738. Cain, T. (1989). The Rule in British Bank v Turquand in 1989. Viewed at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015context=blr. Accessed on 18th September 2017. Corporation Act 2001- Section 128. Corporation Act 2001- Section 129. Corporation Act 2001- Section 1317E. Corporation Act 2001- Section 1317G. Corporation Act 2001- Section 180. Corporation Act 2001- Section 181. Corporation Act 2001- Section 206. Dairy Containers Ltd v NZI Bank Ltd [1995] 2 NZLR 30. GIA, (2014). Guidelines for Directors of wholly-owned subsidiary companies. Viewed at: https://www.governanceinstitute.com.au/media/656514/govinst_guidelines_whollyownedsubsidiary_2014.pdf. Accessed on 18th September 2017. Howard v Patent Ivory Manufacturing Co [1888] 38 Ch. D. 156. ILO, (2014). The 'indoor management rule' explained. Viewed at: https://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/Litigation/Canada/Dentons/The-indoor-management-rule-explained. Accessed on 18th September 2017. Krawitz, A. (2002). Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. Viewed at: https://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2002/22.html#INTRODUCTION_T. Accessed on 16th September 2017. Royal British Bank v Turquand(1856) 6 EB 327.

Speech Critique-Jfk Innagrual Address free essay sample

President John F Kennedys Inaugural Address, given on January 20, 1961 at the Capitol, was undoubtedly one of the best inaugural speeches ever given. This speech was intended to be heard by all of the citizens of the US, and with over 20,000 in attendance, and many more watching at home on television, he reached much of his targeted audience. I believe he used this speech to inform the citizens of the United States about what he planned to do for the country while in office, as well as to motivate the citizens to come together and work toward a goal of peace and liberty, which is what he hoped to achieve.The speech was very well organized. It seemed to have a flow to it and move easily from one point to the next. He seemed to have prepared a great deal for this speech and it is very evident in its presentation. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Critique-Jfk Innagrual Address or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His words were also chosen well for the audience he was addressing. Whether it was a farmer with no education listening or one of his own colleagues, they could easily understand what was being said. In his inaugural address Kennedy list ideals of liberty, abolition of poverty, and peace throughout all nations. The opening of the speech, I feel he is trying to bring a sense of unity, between one nation, and not two political parties, grabbing everyones attention. He appeals to all the citizens in the nation and not Just those of his party. The body of the speech was very focused and It didnt Jump from one subject to the next. It begins by remembering our forefathers and recognizing that times have changed since then. He goes on to saying that we will stand behind any friend and against any foe and proceeds to address other nations in the world.He seems to want to end war, have peace with everyone, and help lift up those In need. The speech did contain some effective metaphors such as, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger, the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, and casting off the chains of poverty. The closing of the speech Is a call to action, reminding every American that what happens to their nation Is In their hands. Kennedys Ideals wont be achieved in his term or his lifetime, but It Is the citizens duty to press towards achieving thoseIdeals for future generations. To me, the closing wasnt very memorable, however the line preceding the closing was the most memorable, so that weighed out the closing In my mind. L believe the delivery of this speech was very effective. He seems to believe In the things he Is saying, therefore making everyone else believe them as well. He seemed to be very comfortable during the speech, he made eye contact with the audience, he used hand gestures when speaking a little, but they were effective and not overwhelming. HIS vocals were very easy to hear and he spoke at a very teddy pace.There were some parts of the speech where his voice grew louder, but this only made the speech more effective. He made many dramatic pauses at appropriate times during the speech, when he had completed one Idea and was moving on to something else. The speech was relatively easy for me to understand. I actually felt a little moved by the speech. He believed so strongly In what he believed and what he wanted his nation to achieve you couldnt help but to be Impressed. I enjoyed watching this speech and I believe I would enjoy hearing more from this beaker.Speech Critique-Jeff Inaugural Address By laryngeal nation and not Just those of his party. The body of the speech was very focused and it help lift up those in need. The speech did contain some effective metaphors such as, poverty. The closing of the speech is a call to action, reminding every American that what happens to their nation is in their hands. Kennedys ideals wont be achieved in his term or his lifetime, but it is the citizens duty to press towards achieving those ideals for future generations.To me, the closing wasnt very memorable, however the in my mind. believe the delivery of this speech was very effective. He seems to believe in the things he is saying, therefore making everyone else believe them as and not overwhelming. His vocals were very easy to hear and he spoke at a very appropriate times during the speech, when he had completed one idea and was actually felt a little moved by the speech. He believed so strongly in what he believed and what he wanted his nation to achieve you couldnt help but to be impressed.